Parkinson's disease and skin

Parkinson's disease is associated with a variety of dermatologic disorders and the study skin may provide insights into pathophysiological mechanisms underlying this common neurodegenerative disorder. Skin in patients can be divided two major groups: 1) non-iatrogenic disorders, including melanoma, seborrheic dermatitis, sweating bullous pemphigoid, rosacea, 2) iatrogenic related either to systemic side effects antiparkinsonian medications or delivery system therapy, primarily carbidopa/levodopa, rotigotine other dopamine agonists, amantadine, catechol-O-methyl transferase inhibitors, subcutaneous apomorphine, levodopa/carbidopa intestinal gel, deep brain stimulation. Recent advances our understanding role α-synuclein peripheral tissues, skin, research based on induced pluripotent stem cells derived from fibroblasts have made an important target for pathogenesis, drug discovery, novel cell therapies, diagnostics.